[Feature] Prefetch the late-materialization payload ranges instead of reading them on demand

Beginne damit, PrefetchFileBatchReader::PreBufferRange(), ReadAheadCache::Init(), Read(), Reset() und Close() nachzuverfolgen, und untersuche anschließend die öffentlichen APIs unter include/paimon/. Verfolge, wie LateMaterializingFileBatchReader Payload-Bereiche bestimmt und wie die vorhandenen Cache-Metriken erfasst werden. Die Aufgabe ist abgeschlossen, wenn Late-Ranges sicher über mehrere Runden hinweg registriert und vorgewärmt werden, veraltete Registrierungen entfernt werden, die Regeln für Nebenläufigkeit und Überlappungen eingehalten werden und die neuen Metriken registrierte und verworfene Bytes erfassen.

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Motivation

Late materialization reads a data file in two passes: a probe pass over the predicate fields, then a payload pass over the remaining fields for the matched rows only. The shared read-ahead cache is fed once per read-range generation through PrefetchFileBatchReader::PreBufferRange(), before any read starts. At that point the payload pass cannot know which pages hold the matched rows — that depends on the probe result — so PreBufferRange() only reports the probe ranges (there was an explicit TODO for exactly this). The payload pass is therefore never prefetched: every payload read misses the cache and waits for its own underlying IO, serialized against the decode, on the pass that touches the wide columns.

Solution

Let a reader report byte ranges that only become known after reading has started, and let the shared cache register them mid-read.

• New ReadAheadCache::AddRanges(ranges, expected_round) registers ranges into an already-initialized cache and is safe to call repeatedly and concurrently with Read(). It merges the new ranges into the disjoint, offset-ordered pending list, registering only the parts no registered range covers and dropping the overlap (the round that registered it is already fetching those bytes), then rebuilds the per-range cached flags so an already-fetched range is not fetched twice. The registered part is cut at a new CacheConfig knob late_range_size_limit (default 8 MiB, smaller than the 32 MiB range_size_limit) so a large pass is fetched by several concurrent requests rather than one long one; a new Warmup(from_offset) starts fetching from the first newly-registered range instead of from the head.
• A registration round bounds the lifetime: every Init() opens a round identified by RegistrationRound(), and AddRanges() drops everything when expected_round is not the open round, so a pass that outlived its generation — the cache was reset for a new read-range generation, or released by Close() — registers nothing instead of prefetching bytes nobody reads. The round counter is monotonic across Reset() so a stale round is never mistaken for a new one.
• New PrefetchFileBatchReader::PreBufferSink and SetPreBufferSink(): PrefetchFileBatchReaderImpl installs a sink on each sub-reader that tags the reported ranges with the current round, calls AddRanges, and warms up from the first new range. LateMaterializingFileBatchReader reports the payload ranges through the sink once the probe pass has refined the inner reader's target pages, and surfaces a failure to compute them (they come from the file metadata) rather than swallowing it.
• New metrics read-ahead-cache.late.registered / .registered-bytes / .dropped / .dropped-bytes, counted after coalescing and splitting, so registered-bytes and dropped-bytes together account for every reported byte.

Anything else?

Adds public API under include/paimon/: PrefetchFileBatchReader::PreBufferSink / SetPreBufferSink() and CacheConfig::GetLateRangeSizeLimit() / SetLateRangeSizeLimit(). ReadAheadCache::AddRanges / RegistrationRound / Warmup(offset) and the new counter names live in the internal header. No storage format or protocol change.

Are you willing to submit a PR?

• I'm willing to submit a PR!