Allow use of `Required` and `NotRequired` to make an existing typed dict total or optional

首先审查提议的 TypedDict、Required 和 NotRequired 语义以及 issue 中的示例，包括继承和内联注释。定义行为并确定相关的 typing specification 和一致性测试；完成的标准是所请求的转换已得到一致的规范说明和验证。

I think the ability of indicating that a typed dict requires all keys or that all are optional would be very useful.

For example to allow defining default values for a particular dict or to return a dict that has been completely assigned from a function

A simple example

class A(TypedDict):
    a: int
    b: int

ADefault = {'a': 1, 'b': 42}

def optionalA(v: NotRequired[A]) -> A:
    return ADefault | v

optionalA({'a': 11}) # ok since all keys of NotRequired[A] are optional

class X(TypedDict, total=False):
    x: str
    y: str

XDefault: X = {"x": "xv", "y": "yv"}

def withXDefault(v: X) -> Required[X]:
    return XDefault | v

withXDefault({"x": "foo"})["y"]  # ok since all keys of Required[X] are required

This idea is inspired by the analogous types in typescript Required and Partial that are in general very convenient.

I think it makes sense having the same behaviour of the typescript counterparts:

• NotRequired[X] is a no op, since X is defined as total=False. Same for Required[A].
• Required/NotRequired would include all keys of the typed dict and all its superclasses. This differs from how total works. Example:

  class TD1(TypedDict):
      a: int
  
  class TD2(TypedDict, total=False):
      b: int
  
  TDR = Required[TD2]  # b becomes required
  TDNR = NotRequired[TD2]  # a becomes not required
  

• Required/NotRequired used inline in the TypedDict are not taken into consideration, so the end result is the same independently of how the typed dict is defined