[Bug] CI build script accepts flags as values for required options

从 ci/scripts/build_paimon.sh 开始，重现列出的命令，以跟踪必需的选项值和 --build_type 是如何验证的。为缺失值或类似选项的值以及不支持的构建类型添加脚本级覆盖；完成的标准是无效参数在调用构建目录或 CMake 之前失败，同时列出的四种 CMake 构建类型仍被接受。

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Paimon-cpp version

Paimon version

Current main branch.

Minimal reproduce step

Run one of the following commands:

ci/scripts/build_paimon.sh --source_dir --enable_asan

ci/scripts/build_paimon.sh \
  --source_dir . \
  --build_type --enable_asan

ci/scripts/build_paimon.sh \
  --source_dir . \
  --lint_git_target_commit --enable_asan

The script treats the following option as the value of the preceding option and continues until a later command fails or CMake is invoked with an invalid value.

The script also accepts unsupported build types:

ci/scripts/build_paimon.sh \
  --source_dir . \
  --build_type Profile

What doesn't meet your expectations?

Options that require a value should reject an empty value or another --option with a clear error message.

The --build_type option should only accept the standard CMake build types used by the project:

• Debug
• Release
• RelWithDebInfo
• MinSizeRel
  Invalid arguments should be rejected before creating build directories or invoking CMake.

The argument validation behavior is currently not covered by dedicated script-level tests.

Anything else?

No response

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• I'm willing to submit a PR!