Add an option to expose the metric timestamps from the Prometheus format

從 prometheus_client/samples.py 和 exposition.py 開始，追蹤 sample 時間戳的表示與格式化方式。接著檢查 metrics.py::_child_samples 和 multiprocess.py 中與所述聚合邏輯相關的部分，包括相關的 pull request 和 issue。完成的標準是：有一個選項可以在 Prometheus 輸出中公開時間戳，並在 multiprocessing 和非 multiprocessing 模式下都保留這些時間戳。

Spin off from https://github.com/prometheus/client_python/pull/967 and https://github.com/prometheus/client_python/issues/847

Background

The Prometheus exposition format (https://github.com/prometheus/docs/blob/main/content/docs/instrumenting/exposition_formats.md#comments-help-text-and-type-information) allows exporters to specify an optional timestamp for each sample. If this is unset, the collector uses the timestamp that the sample is collected.

This timestamp is useful in a certain situation. My concrete use case is to expose GitHub API rate limit as a metric. This API rate limit is a value that decreases over time, and periodically it resets to the maximum value. We can get this API rate limit value as a HTTP response header when calling GitHub API.

Imagine a situation where there are two (physical) servers making this GitHub API call, and for the sake of illustration, let's assume that one server issues more requests and the other one does less.

From human's point of view, because server1 made an API call more recently than server2, we can tell that server1's observed API limit is the current value. However, without exposing the sample timestamp, Prometheus cannot distinguish which one is the most recent value. This is because when Prometheus collects sample from these two servers, when there's no timestamp specified, it treats these samples as "the samples collected now".

By exposing the sample timestamp, Prometheus should be able to treat these two samples correctly, and it can tell that server1' s value is the most recent value.

Request

With https://github.com/prometheus/client_python/pull/967, client_python should learn timestamps for Gauge metrics in the multiprocessing mode. This issue is asking for an option to expose those timestamps via Prometheus format.

Code pointers

Sample already can take a timestamp (https://github.com/prometheus/client_python/blob/249490e4ed30d4266182cfce50fe7046a484affd/prometheus_client/samples.py#L49), and so as the Prometheus exposition formatter (https://github.com/prometheus/client_python/blob/249490e4ed30d4266182cfce50fe7046a484affd/prometheus_client/exposition.py#L191-L194).

For the multiprocessing mode, changing the metrics aggregation logic to propagate the timestamps (https://github.com/prometheus/client_python/blob/249490e4ed30d4266182cfce50fe7046a484affd/prometheus_client/multiprocess.py#L146) would suffice (based on a flag or something).

For the non-multiprocessing mode, need to change this _child_samples (https://github.com/prometheus/client_python/blob/249490e4ed30d4266182cfce50fe7046a484affd/prometheus_client/metrics.py#L433-L434) to take a timestamp.