HTTPie does not work on macOS unless certificate bundle is explicitly specified, even though requests does

Inizia dalla configurazione della richiesta in httpie/client.py e confronta il percorso HTTPS predefinito che fallisce con il comando esplicito --verify funzionante descritto nel report. Riproduci il problema su macOS, traccia il modo in cui viene selezionato il trust store e aggiungi una copertura di regressione che dimostri che https get google.com ha esito positivo senza un bundle di certificati esplicito.

Checklist

• I've searched for similar issues.
• I'm using the latest version of HTTPie.

Minimal reproduction code and steps

1. pip install httpie
2. https get google.com

Current result

https: error: SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='google.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1028)'))) while doing a GET request to URL: https://google.com/

…

Expected result

200 OK

Debug output

Please re-run the command with --debug, then copy the entire command & output and paste both below:

$ https --debug get google.com 2>&1 | pbcopy
HTTPie 3.2.4
Requests 2.32.3
Pygments 2.19.1
Python 3.13.3 (v3.13.3:6280bb54784, Apr  8 2025, 10:47:54) [Clang 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)]
/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/bin/python
Darwin 24.5.0

<Environment {'apply_warnings_filter': <function Environment.apply_warnings_filter at 0x1031e1260>,
 'args': Namespace(),
 'as_silent': <function Environment.as_silent at 0x1031e1120>,
 'colors': 256,
 'config': {'default_options': []},
 'config_dir': PosixPath('/Users/glyph/.config/httpie'),
 'devnull': <property object at 0x10309a570>,
 'is_windows': False,
 'log_error': <function Environment.log_error at 0x1031e11c0>,
 'program_name': 'https',
 'quiet': 0,
 'rich_console': <functools.cached_property object at 0x10295a450>,
 'rich_error_console': <functools.cached_property object at 0x1030908d0>,
 'show_displays': True,
 'stderr': <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='utf-8'>,
 'stderr_isatty': False,
 'stdin': <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='utf-8'>,
 'stdin_encoding': 'utf-8',
 'stdin_isatty': True,
 'stdout': <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdout>' mode='w' encoding='utf-8'>,
 'stdout_encoding': 'utf-8',
 'stdout_isatty': False}>

<PluginManager {'adapters': [],
 'auth': [<class 'httpie.plugins.builtin.BasicAuthPlugin'>,
          <class 'httpie.plugins.builtin.DigestAuthPlugin'>,
          <class 'httpie.plugins.builtin.BearerAuthPlugin'>],
 'converters': [],
 'formatters': [<class 'httpie.output.formatters.headers.HeadersFormatter'>,
                <class 'httpie.output.formatters.json.JSONFormatter'>,
                <class 'httpie.output.formatters.xml.XMLFormatter'>,
                <class 'httpie.output.formatters.colors.ColorFormatter'>]}>

>>> requests.request(**{'auth': None,
 'data': RequestJSONDataDict(),
 'headers': <HTTPHeadersDict('User-Agent': b'HTTPie/3.2.4')>,
 'method': 'get',
 'params': <generator object MultiValueOrderedDict.items at 0x10413c6d0>,
 'url': 'https://google.com'})


https: error: SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='google.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1028)'))) while doing a GET request to URL: https://google.com/


Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 464, in _make_request
    self._validate_conn(conn)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 1093, in _validate_conn
    conn.connect()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 741, in connect
    sock_and_verified = _ssl_wrap_socket_and_match_hostname(
        sock=sock,
    ...<14 lines>...
        assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint,
    )
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 920, in _ssl_wrap_socket_and_match_hostname
    ssl_sock = ssl_wrap_socket(
        sock=sock,
    ...<8 lines>...
        tls_in_tls=tls_in_tls,
    )
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py", line 480, in ssl_wrap_socket
    ssl_sock = _ssl_wrap_socket_impl(sock, context, tls_in_tls, server_hostname)
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py", line 524, in _ssl_wrap_socket_impl
    return ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/ssl.py", line 455, in wrap_socket
    return self.sslsocket_class._create(
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        sock=sock,
        ^^^^^^^^^^
    ...<5 lines>...
        session=session
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/ssl.py", line 1076, in _create
    self.do_handshake()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/ssl.py", line 1372, in do_handshake
    self._sslobj.do_handshake()
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1028)

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 787, in urlopen
    response = self._make_request(
        conn,
    ...<10 lines>...
        **response_kw,
    )
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 488, in _make_request
    raise new_e
urllib3.exceptions.SSLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1028)

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 667, in send
    resp = conn.urlopen(
        method=request.method,
    ...<9 lines>...
        chunked=chunked,
    )
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 841, in urlopen
    retries = retries.increment(
        method, url, error=new_e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
    )
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 519, in increment
    raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason  # type: ignore[arg-type]
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='google.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1028)')))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/bin/https", line 8, in <module>
    sys.exit(main())
             ~~~~^^
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/httpie/__main__.py", line 9, in main
    exit_status = main()
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/httpie/core.py", line 162, in main
    return raw_main(
        parser=parser,
    ...<2 lines>...
        env=env
    )
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/httpie/core.py", line 136, in raw_main
    handle_generic_error(propagated_exc, annotation=annotation)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/httpie/core.py", line 100, in raw_main
    exit_status = main_program(
        args=parsed_args,
        env=env,
    )
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/httpie/core.py", line 213, in program
    for message in messages:
                   ^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/httpie/client.py", line 114, in collect_messages
    response = requests_session.send(
        request=prepared_request,
        **send_kwargs_merged,
        **send_kwargs,
    )
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 703, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/Users/glyph/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/lib/python3.13/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 698, in send
    raise SSLError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='google.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1028)')))

Additional information, screenshots, or code examples

certifi is installed. requests can load google.com just fine from this venv. https --verify "$(~/.local/pipx/venvs/httpie/bin/python -m certifi)" get google.com works. This just seems to be a problem with httpie not finding a trust store by default.