Hacktoberfest 2026: the issues maintainers tagged for October, open and beginner-friendly. Browse Hacktoberfest issues

spec: Definition of materialization is insufficient

Open
#2,027 2 comments 4 reactions 0 assignees View on GitHub

Nobody has claimed this yet.

Assessment

Difficulty
5/5
Estimated time
Over a week
Newbie friendliness
38/100
Issue type
Feature
Clarity
Mostly clear
Activity status
Quiet
Tech stack
python
Domain
documentation

Research direction

Start with the materialization definition in the linked typing specification and work through the list[int] | list[str] versus list[Any] example. Evaluate the proposed rule that unions of materializations remain materializations, including its effect on assignability and equivalence; done requires an agreed specification change and updated explanatory text.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.

Description

topic: typing spec

The spec currently defines materialization as follows:

Given a gradual type A, if we replace zero or more occurrences of Any in A with some type (which can be different for each occurrence of Any), the resulting gradual type B is a materialization of A.

A type A is assignable to B if there exists a pair of materializations A' and B' of A and B such that A' is a subtype of B'.

Now let's consider whether list[int] | list[str] is assignable to list[Any]. To do so, we have to consider materializations of list[Any], created by substituting Any with some other type. But there's nothing we can substitute for Any that would make for a fully static type that is a supertype of list[int] | list[str], since list is invariant in its type parameter. Therefore, list[int] | list[str] is not assignable to list[Any]. Relatedly, this means list[Any] | list[Any] is not equivalent to list[Any]. This is obviously not a desirable conclusion; current type checkers treat list[int] | list[str] as assignable to list[Any], and they should.

I think to fix this, we could say that if A' and A'' are materializations of A, then the union A' | A'' must also be a materialization of A.

Dominant language
Python
Stars
1.8k
Forks
302
Avg merge
23h
Merged PRs (30d)
8

Contributor guide

No contributing guide indexed for this repository

First steps

  1. Read the whole issue, then the project's contributing guide.
  2. Comment on the issue to say you are picking it up — it saves two people doing the same work.
  3. Fork the repository and make your change on a branch.
  4. Open a pull request that references the issue number.

More from python/typing

All issues in python/typing

Similar issues

More Python issues

Get new issues in your inbox

A short digest of beginner-friendly GitHub issues.