[BUG]: `__new__` does not initialize STL containers and resulting in undefined behavior

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What version (or hash if on master) of pybind11 are you using?

2.10.3

Problem description

I'm writing a C++ class with some STL-like containers as its members. Then I bind it with pybind11 and expose it to Python. However, the bind C++ class cannot behave like a normal Python class as expected.

In [1]: !pip3 install optree 
   ...: from optree import PyTreeSpec

In [2]: PyTreeSpec
Out[2]: <class 'optree.PyTreeSpec'>

In [3]: PyTreeSpec.mro()
Out[3]: [<class 'optree.PyTreeSpec'>, <class 'pybind11_builtins.pybind11_object'>, <class 'object'>]

In [4]: PyTreeSpec()  # an error raised as expected
TypeError: optree.PyTreeSpec: No constructor defined!

In [5]: spec = PyTreeSpec.__new__(PyTreeSpec)  # expect to raise an error

In [6]: repr(spec)  # segfault due to invalid memory access
[1]    31095 segmentation fault  ipython3

All bind types created by py::class_<CppClass> are inherit from pybind11_builtins.pybind11_object. As the comment says:

https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/3cc7e4258c15a6a19ba5e0b62a220b1a6196d4eb/include/pybind11/detail/class.h#L346-L370

pybind11_object_new only allocates space for the C++ object, but doesn't call the constructor. That means if someone calls BoundCppClass.__new__(BoundCppClass), they will get undefined results since the C++ object is not initialized at all. Also, default values in the C++ class definition are not used even if there is a default constructor.

Reproducible example code

1. Clone https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example:

git clone https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example.git
cd cmake_example

2. Paste the following content to src/main.cpp:

#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>

namespace py = pybind11;

using ssize_t = py::ssize_t;

class MyList {
private:
    std::vector<int> data = {0, 1, 2, 3};

public:
    MyList() = default;
    ssize_t size() const { return data.size(); }
    std::string repr() const {
        std::ostringstream os;
        os << "MyList([";
        for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); ++i) {
            if (i != 0) {
                os << ", ";
            }
            os << data[i];
        }
        os << "], size=" << size() << ")";
        return os.str();
    }
};

PYBIND11_MODULE(cmake_example, m) {
    auto cls = py::class_<MyList>(m, "MyList");
    cls.def(py::init<>());
    cls.def("size", &MyList::size);
    cls.def("__repr__", &MyList::repr);
}

3. Create a new virtual environment and install:

python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate
pip3 install -U pip setuptools ipython
pip3 install -e .

4. Run the following code in ipython:

In [1]: from cmake_example import MyList

In [2]: l = MyList()

In [3]: l.size()
Out[3]: 4

In [4]: l  # calls repr()
Out[4]: MyList([0, 1, 2, 3], size=4)

In [5]: l = MyList.__new__(MyList)

In [6]: l.size()
Out[6]: -23599346664417

In [7]: l  # calls repr()
[1]    31601 segmentation fault  ipython3

In [1]: from cmake_example import MyList

In [2]: class MyAnotherList(MyList):
   ...:     def __new__(cls):
   ...:         inst = super().__new__(cls)
   ...:         inst.default_size = inst.size()  # default size from the C++ default constructor
   ...:         return inst
   ...:         

In [3]: l = MyAnotherList()

In [4]: l  # calls repr()
Out[4]: MyList([0, 1, 2, 3], size=4)

In [5]: l.size()
Out[5]: 4

In [6]: l.default_size  # expect 4
Out[6]: -23607549586738

In [7]: MyAnotherList().default_size  # undefined
Out[7]: -5769946945

In [8]: MyAnotherList().default_size  # undefined
Out[8]: -5769947144

In [9]: MyAnotherList().default_size  # undefined
Out[9]: -23639255465217

Is this a regression? Put the last known working version here if it is.

Not a regression