German Translation Progress

Read the “For New Translators” instructions and the German translation checklist in this issue. Choose an unchecked article that has not already been claimed, translate it in a fork, and submit a pull request using the article title. Done means the translation is submitted for review and the checklist can be updated after merge.

Maintainer List

@NamikoYa, @christianhegedues, @CourageSean, @J-Cake, @engag1ng

For New Translators

Please read this first (click to open)

To translate an article:

1. Check that no one else has claimed your article in the checklist below.
2. Comment below with the title of the article that you would like to translate, exactly as listed, e.g. An Introduction to JavaScript.
   • Please take only one article at a time.
3. Fork this repo, translate the article in your fork and submit a pull request!
   • The pull request title should be same as the article, e.g. An Introduction to JavaScript (just like comment)

Please be prompt with your translations! If you find that you can't commit any more, let maintainers know so they can assign the page to someone else.

For Maintainers

Click to open

We recommend that a translation has 2 reviews to be merged.

Please let others know what you do, on community boards and chats, invite them to join. Translations become better if more people see them.

Translations are tracked below, like this:

• Home Page (@iliakan) #1

Our helpful bot watches comments and adds the translator nick and PR id, marks completed, when PR is merged. You can read the details at https://javascript.info/translate/bot.

If something doesn't work right, please contact @iliakan.

Team translation

More details about team translation: https://javascript.info/translate/bot.

Only maintainers can check/uncheck items below. If you're not, please write in a comment what you take to translate, the title, exactly as in the list.

The JavaScript language

An introduction

• An Introduction to JavaScript (@1H0) #2
• Manuals and specifications (@1H0)
• Code editors (@MichFrie)
• Developer console (@AlexanderK22) #13

JavaScript Fundamentals

• Hello, world! (@christianhegedues)
• Code structure (@christianhegedues)
• The modern mode, "use strict" (@christianhegedues)
• Variables (@JoeGab) #9
• Data types (@christianhegedues)
• Interaction: alert, prompt, confirm (@JoeGab) #11
• Type Conversions (@JoeGab) #10
• Basic operators, maths (@elseifdilara) #69
• Comparisons (@JoeGab) #15
• Conditional branching: if, '?' (@ytausch)
• Logical operators (@SirCodewright) #26
• Nullish coalescing operator '??' (@behrends) #190
• Loops: while and for (@desirekool)
• The "switch" statement (@matztom) #55
• Functions (@u-n-known)
• Function expressions (@BitcoinElf) #29
• Arrow functions, the basics (@me1104)
• JavaScript specials (@AlexanderK22) #52

Code quality

• Debugging in the browser (@scottwright-io)
• Coding Style (@laurentiu798) #61
• Comments (@MichaelEder1) #58
• Ninja code (@behrends) #189
• Automated testing with Mocha (@behrends) #198
• Polyfills and transpilers (@jonasrdl) #101

Objects: the basics

• Objects (@u-n-known)
• Object references and copying (@behrends) #199
• Garbage collection (@u-n-known)
• Object methods, "this" (@u-n-known)
• Constructor, operator "new" (@behrends)
• Optional chaining '?.' (@johannesdominik) #90
• Symbol type (@u-n-known)
• Object to primitive conversion (@u-n-known)

Data types

• Methods of primitives (@CourageSean)
• Numbers (@Pokemonultra)
• Strings (@behrends) #194
• Arrays (@NamikoYa)
• Array methods (@MysterieDev)
• Iterables (@CourageSean)
• Map and Set (@behrends) #193
• WeakMap and WeakSet (@behrends) #196
• Object.keys, values, entries (@behrends) #197
• Destructuring assignment (@behrends) #200
• Date and time (@behrends) #201
• JSON methods, toJSON (@engag1ng)

Advanced working with functions

• Recursion and stack
• Rest parameters and spread syntax
• Variable scope, closure
• The old "var"
• Global object (@jonasrdl)
• Function object, NFE
• The "new Function" syntax
• Scheduling: setTimeout and setInterval
• Decorators and forwarding, call/apply
• Function binding
• Arrow functions revisited

Object properties configuration

• Property flags and descriptors
• Property getters and setters

Prototypes, inheritance

• Prototypal inheritance
• F.prototype
• Native prototypes
• Prototype methods, objects without proto

Classes

• Class basic syntax (@roemmelter)
• Class inheritance
• Static properties and methods
• Private and protected properties and methods
• Extending built-in classes
• Class checking: "instanceof"
• Mixins

Error handling

• Error handling, "try...catch"
• Custom errors, extending Error

Promises, async/await

• Introduction: callbacks (@1H0)
• Promise
• Promises chaining
• Error handling with promises
• Promise API
• Promisification
• Microtasks
• Async/await (@NamikoYa)

Generators, advanced iteration

• Generators
• Async iteration and generators

Modules

• Modules, introduction
• Export and Import
• Dynamic imports

Miscellaneous

• Proxy and Reflect
• Eval: run a code string
• Currying
• Reference Type
• BigInt
• Unicode, String internals
• WeakRef and FinalizationRegistry

Browser: Document, Events, Interfaces

Document

• Browser environment, specs (@alok555)
• DOM tree (@mhstrkmp)
• Walking the DOM
• Searching: getElement*, querySelector*
• Node properties: type, tag and contents
• Attributes and properties
• Modifying the document
• Styles and classes
• Element size and scrolling
• Window sizes and scrolling
• Coordinates

Introduction to Events

• Introduction to browser events
• Bubbling and capturing
• Event delegation
• Browser default actions
• Dispatching custom events

UI Events

• Mouse events (@hack03er) #87
• Moving the mouse: mouseover/out, mouseenter/leave
• Drag'n'Drop with mouse events
• Pointer events
• Keyboard: keydown and keyup
• Scrolling

Forms, controls

• Form properties and methods
• Focusing: focus/blur
• Events: change, input, cut, copy, paste
• Forms: event and method submit

Document and resource loading

• Page: DOMContentLoaded, load, beforeunload, unload
• Scripts: async, defer
• Resource loading: onload and onerror

Miscellaneous

• Mutation observer
• Selection and Range
• Event loop: microtasks and macrotasks

Frames and windows

• Popups and window methods
• Cross-window communication
• The clickjacking attack

Binary data, files

• ArrayBuffer, binary arrays
• TextDecoder and TextEncoder
• Blob
• File and FileReader

Network requests

• Fetch
• FormData
• Fetch: Download progress
• Fetch: Abort
• Fetch: Cross-Origin Requests
• Fetch API
• URL objects
• XMLHttpRequest
• Resumable file upload
• Long polling
• WebSocket
• Server Sent Events

Storing data in the browser

• Cookies, document.cookie
• LocalStorage, sessionStorage
• IndexedDB

Animation

• Bezier curve
• CSS-animations
• JavaScript animations

Web components

• From the orbital height
• Custom elements
• Shadow DOM
• Template element
• Shadow DOM slots, composition
• Shadow DOM styling
• Shadow DOM and events

Regular expressions

• Patterns and flags (@alok555)
• Character classes
• Unicode: flag "u" and class \p{...}
• Anchors: string start ^ and end $
• Multiline mode of anchors ^ $, flag "m"
• Word boundary: \b
• Escaping, special characters
• Sets and ranges [...]
• Quantifiers +, *, ? and {n}
• Greedy and lazy quantifiers
• Capturing groups
• Backreferences in pattern: \N and \k<name>
• Alternation (OR) |
• Lookahead and lookbehind
• Catastrophic backtracking
• Sticky flag "y", searching at position
• Methods of RegExp and String