Implement new Concept Exercise: memory-allocation

Read docs/concept-exercises.md, docs/rationale-for-v3.md, and languages/csharp/reference/implementing-a-concept-exercise.md first. Compare the numbers-floating-point exercise, its .meta/design.md and .meta/config.json, then create the memory-allocation exercise with the stated objectives, prerequisites, hints, and after resources, and check the implemented-exercises list.

This issue describes how to implement the memory-allocation concept exercise for the C# track.

Getting started

Please please please read the docs before starting. Posting PRs without reading these docs will be a lot more frustrating for you during the review cycle, and exhaust Exercism's maintainers' time. So, before diving into the implementation, please read up on the following documents:

• The features of v3.
• Rationale for v3.
• What are concept exercise and how they are structured?

Please also watch the following video:

• The Anatomy of a Concept Exercise.

Goal

The goal of this exercise is to teach the student the Concept of Memory Allocation in C#.

Learning objectives

• Know what the stack and heap are.
• Know what the garbage collector is.
• Know how the stack and heap are different.
• Know what the large object heap is.
• Know what reference and value types are.
• Know how reference and value types relate to the stack and heap.

Out of scope

• Memory locality.
• Memory pooling.
• Span<T> and Memory<T>
• stackalloc
• unsafe code.
• fixed statements.
• Defensive copies and readonly semantics.
• Discussion of profiling tools (referring to them is fine).

Concepts

This Concepts Exercise's Concepts are:

• memory-allocation: know what the stack and heap are; know what the garbage collector is; know how the stack and heap are different; know what the large object heap is; know what reference and value types are; know how reference and value types relate to the stack and heap.

Any data types used in this exercise (e.g. strings) should also be added as prerequisites.

Prequisites

This Concept Exercise's prerequisites Concepts are:

• classes: know how to define and work with classes.
• structs: know how to define and work with structs.

Resources to refer to

Hints

• Value types: introduction to value types.
• Reference types: introduction to reference types.
• Stack versus heap: how the stack and heap work.

After

• Value types: introduction to value types.
• Reference types: introduction to reference types.
• Stack versus heap: how the stack and heap work.
• Value types vs reference types: in-depth comparison between value and reference types
• Garbage collection: how garbage collection works in C#.
• Large Object Heap: what the Large Object Heap is.
• Garbage collection performance: in-depth look into garbage collection performance.

Representer

This exercise does not require any specific representation logic to be added to the representer.

Analyzer

This exercise does not require any specific analyzer logic to be added to the analyzer.

Implementing

To implement this exercise, please follow these instructions.

Help

If you have any questions while implementing the exercise, please post the questions as comments in this issue.